Pregnancy significantly elevates the risk of gallstone formation due to hormonal shifts, leading to common symptoms like abdominal pain and nausea. These hardened deposits can form when bile becomes ...

The pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) has long been an enigma. During the first half of the last century, cholelithiasis was regarded to be due to gallbladder inflammatory disease, ...

Chemically, black pigment stones is the polymerized bilirubin with metals. Therefore, environments suitable for the formation of black pigment stones are conditions that allow chemical polymerization ...

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