This simulation shows the behavior of a simple buck converter driven by a 1 kHz square-wave source. The switch produces a pulsed 5 V input, which is then filtered by the LC stage—an inductor of 1 H and a capacitor of 10 µF. As the switch turns on and off, the inductor current ramps up and down, storing and releasing energy. The capacitor smooths the pulsating waveform, creating a lower DC output voltage with reduced ripple. The oscilloscope traces reflect this: the orange waveform represents the

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